change of variables
- To: mathgroup at smc.vnet.net
- Subject: [mg81963] change of variables
- From: "Chris Chiasson" <chris at chiasson.name>
- Date: Sun, 7 Oct 2007 23:58:07 -0400 (EDT)
I don't understand the method for change of variables in the old MG
thread about contour integration. Could someone please explain
whatever standard method there is for a change of integration
variables in Mathematica? I only need the single variable case, but it
would be helpful to see the multidimensional extension.
Here is the integral I am working on, from Debye and Huckel's first
paper of the theory of electrolytes:
Subscript[\[CapitalPhi], e] == \[Integral]Subscript[U, e]/
T^2 \[DifferentialD]T
\Phi_e is the electrostatic contribution to the Gibbs free entropy
(yea, entropy) for an electrolyte solution.
The electric contribution to the internal energy is
eqn@Ue = Subscript[U, e] == -\!\(
\*UnderoverscriptBox[\(\[Sum]\), \(i = 1\), \(s\)]\(
FractionBox[\(
SubscriptBox[\(N\), \(i\)]
\*SubsuperscriptBox[\(z\), \(i\), \(2\)]\), \(2\)]
FractionBox[\(
SuperscriptBox[\(q\), \(2\)] \[Kappa]\), \(4
SubscriptBox[\(\[Pi]\[CurlyEpsilon]\), \(r\)]
\*SubscriptBox[\(\[CurlyEpsilon]\), \(0\)]\)]
\*FractionBox[\(1\), \(1 + \[Kappa]
\*SubscriptBox[\(a\), \(i\)]\)]\)\)
where
eqn@\[Kappa] = \[Kappa]^2 == \!\(
\*UnderoverscriptBox[\(\[Sum]\), \(i = 1\), \(s\)]
\*FractionBox[\(
SubsuperscriptBox[\(z\), \(i\), \(2\)]
SuperscriptBox[\(q\), \(2\)]
\*SubsuperscriptBox[\(n\), \(i\), \(o\)]\), \(
SubscriptBox[\(\[CurlyEpsilon]\), \(r\)]
SubscriptBox[\(\[CurlyEpsilon]\), \(0\)]
SubscriptBox[\(k\), \(B\)] T\)]\)
\kappa^{-1} is the Debye screening length, a measure of the size of
the ionic atmosphere around a particular ion in an electrolyte. As can
be seen by the definition, \kappa is a function of 1/T. However,
integrating with respect to T (which is constant for any given
solution, as is \kappa) isn't particularly informative. Instead, Debye
and Huckel integrate from \kappa = 0 to its value for the solution
under consideration. \kappa = 0 corresponds to an infinite screening
length and infinite dilution of the solution, thus \Phi_e is zero at
\kappa=0. For more info on the physics, see:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debye-H%C3%BCckel_equation
So, taking the differential of the defining equation for \kappa gives
In[3]:=
factorOut =
HoldPattern[Sum][expr_. factor_, its__] /;
FreeQ[factor, Alternatives[its][[All, 1]]] :>
factor Sum[expr, its];
deqn@d\[Kappa] =
D[eqn@\[Kappa], blah, NonConstants -> {\[Kappa], T}] /. factorOut /.
HoldPattern[D][xpr_, ___] :> Dt[xpr]
Out[4]=
2 \[Kappa] Dt[\[Kappa]] == -((q^2 Dt[T] \!\(
\*UnderoverscriptBox[\(\[Sum]\), \(i = 1\), \(s\)]\(
\*SubsuperscriptBox[\(n\), \(i\), \(o\)]\
\*SubsuperscriptBox[\(z\), \(i\), \(2\)]\)\))/(
T^2 Subscript[k, B] Subscript[\[CurlyEpsilon], 0]
Subscript[\[CurlyEpsilon], r]))
(factorOut is a slightly modified version of a function in an old
MathGroup thread)
By hand, I think the next step would be to solve the equation for the
differential Dt[T] and replace that in the integral. Things aren't so
simple in Mathematica. I am going to try to program my own function
for this, but I hope someone already has a good solution ready to go.
Thanks for your time.
--
http://chris.chiasson.name/