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Re: Re: Re: If Integrate returns no
Andrzej Kozlowski wrote:
>
> On 17 Apr 2008, at 19:59, Matthias Bode wrote:
>
>> ..
>>
>>> "A completely implemented Risch algorithm will either return an
>>> explicit answer for an integral that can be evaluated in terms of
>>> elementary functions or determine that no such answer can be given."
>>> ...
>>> Andrzej Kozlowski
>>
>>
>> Is this a theorem?
>>
>> Best regards,
>>
>> Matthias Bode.
>>
>
> Yes. Actually quite many. The Risch's theorem, that I know, gives
> conditions for an integral of a purely algebraic function to be
> elementary and an algorithm for finding it or deciding that it does not
> exist. There is also such an algorithm for a function which is an
> element of the field K[t1,t2,...tn], where each tk is either an
> exponential or a logarithm of a function in K[t1,t2,...,t(k-1)]. Again,
> there is a theorem and an effective procedure. (However, even if fully
> implemented these procedures may actually by impossible to carry out in
> a reasonable time). But one can show, using them that things like
> Integral[Log[Log[x]],x] cannot be expressed in terms of elementary
> functions. Then, there is the mixed case, where you need both algebraic
> and exponential or logarithmic extensions. For example, the function
> ArcSin[x] belongs to a mixed extension, since
>
> TrigToExp[ArcSin[x]]
> (-I)*Log[I*x + Sqrt[1 - x^2]]
>
> If I understand it correctly, there is also an effective procedure due
> to Manuel Bronstein for dealing with general mixed cases (and it is
> also a theorem) but it is much later work then Risch's (c.f. my
> comments in a reply to a post by David Cantrell) and does not seem to
> be implemented. In fact I am not sure about this since I have never
> been interested in integrating non-algebraic functions so perhaps
> someone else can confirm if I have got this right.
>
> Andrzej Kozlowski
It might be implemented in AXIOM. I gather that much of Bronstein's
work, as well as related indefinite integration algorithmics due to
Barry Trager and James-not-John Davenport, is in AXIOM. Very likely
implemented by those people themselves.
As for Risch, what counts as "elementary" exp-log-powers is a bit
tricky. Exp[x] and Log[x+1] count. Exp[1/2*Log[x+1]] does not count
(it's algebraic). As best I understand, it is this last sort of thing
for which work of Davenport, Trager, and Bronstein is required.
Daniel
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